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[GWICC2011]心率、心率变异与高血压
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目前已有较多证据显示HRV与高血压的发生有密切关系,原发性高血压患者由于交感活性异常增高,而HRV的低频成分主要反映的是交感神经活性,故高血压HRV改变以低频成分为主。在对参加Framingham心脏研究的931名男性及1111名女性的心率变异性进行分析,发现高血压患者的心率变异性显著低于正常血压者;而参加Framingham心脏研究的受试者,633名男性及801名女性在基线时血压正常,随访4年后,119名男性及125名女性新发高血压。多元回归显示,心率变异性低频功率下降的男性具有较高的高血压的发生的风险。心率变异性的LF每增加一个SD,男性收缩压增加1.95mmHg,舒张压增加0.83mmHg;女性收缩压增加0.70mmHg,舒张压增加0.26mmHg。9样本量更大的Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) 研究 (n=11061)亦得出相似的结论,即高血压患者HRV降低,而血压正常但HRV低的人易患高血压;且降压药物治疗可明显改善血压增高相关的心率变异性减低,这种关联在舒张压比收缩压更明显。10此外,HRV亦是预测急性心梗后的猝死率和糖尿病患者是否伴有自主神经损害较为敏感的指标。
上海瑞金医院高血压科分析了近年住院高血压患者心率变异与亚临床靶器官损伤(指无临床症状,但存在靶器官损伤指标异常,包括颈动脉内膜中层厚度增厚、左心室重量指数增高、动脉僵硬度增加、肾小球滤过率或肌酐清除率低下以及尿微量白蛋白)的关系, 追溯2005年至2010年五年间2023例原发性高血压患者病史资料进行分析后发现,心率变异性越小者,年龄越大,心率慢,脉压差大,高血压病程长,糖尿病者居多;亚临床心脏损害(LVH),血管损害(颈动脉粥样硬化斑块和/或IMT增厚),肾脏损害(eGFR<60)的发生率均与心率变异率呈负相关,尤其是夜间心率变异性。
总之,HRV是判断自主神经活动的重要指标,具有无创、简便、定量、重复性好的特点。而HRV在高血压发生、发展及靶器官损害过程中起到重要作用;其降低对预测高血压病情及预后有一定价值。但影响心率变异的因素很多,其分析技术有待进一步发掘和提高,需规范使用仪器和分析软件,并在此基础上进行多中心协作才能促使HRV的临床研究不断取得进展。
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